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NET STILL WIDE OPEN TO SMURFINGSource: Clotrimazole-betamethasone pricePosted on August 14, 2000 This week marks the six-month anniversary of February's denial of service attacks that paralyzed several high-profile Internet sites. While many system administrators have since beefed up their defenses to prevent such packet floods, a new survey reveals there are still tens of thousands of networks wide open. In the latest Internet scan by Project Gargimel, more than 100,000 machines were found to be exploitable as hosts for Smurf attacks. In such denial of service attacks, an attacker pings or sends packets to a vulnerable amplifier site, with a spoofed or bogus return address. If the server is misconfigured to answer the requests, it can become an unwitting complicitor in a DoS attack on a third-party site. According to its survey completed Aug. 8, Project Gargimel found 125,102 networks which allow these Open IP Directed Broadcasts. Among them are machines operated by companies including PSINet and Southwestern Bell Internet, as well as the State of South Carolina and Arizona State University. Atop the list of potential Smurf amplifiers is one operated by Aller, a Norway-based publisher of consumer magazines. According to the survey, the Aller network is set up to reply with 10,545 responses to any ping request. "Should they have enough bandwidth, if you send them a 1-kilobyte stream, you would get 10.545 megabytes back. That's what makes Smurfs so dangerous -- the multiplication factor," said Craig Huegen, an independent security consultant and the author of a respected white paper on Smurf attacks. Huegen, who is not affiliated with Project Gargimel, said the number of vulnerable networks has increased since an earlier survey prior to the major denial of service attacks last spring. However, the number of networks like Aller's which return hundreds or thousands of packets has decreased. One reason for this positive trend, according to Huegen, is that knowledge about defending against Smurf attacks is spreading among system administrators. Another is new policies by router makers such as Cisco which have begun setting the default configuration of their software to prevent Smurf attacks. Still, the sheer number of networks on the latest survey shows the industry still has work to do. "If you haven't updated your software or you don't know about the problem, your network could go down some day because some kid is redirecting traffic at a victim. I still have people tell me, after I've alerted them to the problem, `I wondered why my network was slowing down,'" said Huegen. Near the top of the list of Gargimel's most-vulnerable networks is one operated by the Utah Education Network, an electronic consortium of public schools, universities, and television stations in that state.
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Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups: placebo, intravascent tablet containing Levonorgestrel/20 mg ethinyl estradiol (25 microg levonorgestrel/80 in each tablet, n = 8); intravascent tablet containing Levonorgestrel/50 mg ethinyl estradiol acetate (50 microg levonorgestrel/120 ethinyl estradiol in each tablet, n = 8); single dose, once daily intravascent tablet containing 25 mg levonorgestrel/80 ethinyl estradiol, with no additional daily levonorgestrel (60 microg ethinyl estradiol) in one or both tablets (n = 8); and intravascent tablet containing 50 mg levonorgestrel and 120 microg ethinyl estradiol, with no other daily levonorgestrel (60 microg ethinyl estradiol) Online pharmacy berlin germany in either tablet (n = 8). Study Treatment The study treatment began with a randomization assignment. The sequence used for levonorgestrel quanto costa randomization was a block with stratification to obtain the following allocation: female gender, age, race, age at first contraceptive exposure (< 20 years, 20–25 > 25 years). The protocol also required that a second subject in the group receiving placebo could be designated as being in the first or second half of the trial. A vaginal exam was performed to obtain a vaginal ring pregnancy test at screening and a pelvic examination at baseline to determine that there was no significant or unrecognized abnormality. Two more consecutive menstrual cycles were evaluated for the presence of first abnormal fetal event. If it was found, the pregnancy aborted immediately. If no abnormal pregnancy was evident, the subject returned for more cycles at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 weeks. Study treatment was performed as follows: Study group 1 received the medication immediately and study group 2 received the medication within hours after having their previous menstrual period. After the second period, study group 1, 2, and 3 received placebo. Study group 4 began treatment the same day as second menstruation or soon possible after the second period, whichever was earlier. Each dose of study medicine was taken for 21 days. Data Collection All subjects attended study appointments. During the baseline visit they completed physical examination questionnaire and clinical laboratory tests, including the determination of blood pregnancy counts. The first two tests were not used because of nonresponse. Three women (1 with a serum pregnancy count at 21 weeks) were lost to follow-up. This left 26 eligible women for whom baseline data were obtained from clinical records. Procedures Study visits included the first 21 days of study treatment followed by the first 21 days of follow-up visits (n = 26). Pregnancy Tests All subjects received monthly pregnancy tests. The most commonly used method was a serum pregnancy test, which was done at 8 weeks of the first cycle with a single pregnancy test at 8 weeks of the first cycle and at 4 21 days after both, with the last pregnancy test at 21 days after the fourth consecutive cycle. Other method were also used, but very rarely used. Assessment of Clinical Laboratory Changes All best drugstore bb cream for acne and oily skin subjects underwent a pelvic ultrasound in the first trimester (n = 2), post-conception visit second trimester (n = 2), post-abortion consultation and second trimester (n = 5) for confirmation of ovulation and measurement basal body temperature. A second ultrasound performed 2 months after the return of ovulation or at 4-5 months after termination of the first pregnancy test was used to confirm the pregnancy in pregnancies which resulted normal fetal growth following a.
"We'll definitely look into it. We strive to keep our infrastructure up to date and secure, but once it's in the hands of a local high school for instance, there's only so much we can do, because we're just the Internet service provider for them," said Jessup. While education may be the best defense against Smurf attacks, shaming system administrators into closing vulnerable networks may backfire, according to Huegen. "I worry that publishing a list of sites mainly benefits the bad guys," he said. Brian Gemberling, the author of Project Gargimel, was not available for comment Friday. A note at his site says he will remove networks from the list once they notify him that they've fixed their security problems.
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